L’escalier en fer-à-cheval du château de Fontainebleau comme prototype au développement de procédés numériques CFAO & BIM pour une stéréotomie contemporaine / Raphaël Vouilloz

Doctorant :

Raphaël Vouilloz

Intitulé

Étude géométrique de l’escalier en fer-à-cheval du château de Fontainebleau et transposition de méthodes numériques BIM et CFAO à la stéréotomie

Thèse dirigée par :

Philippe Marin (ENSAG, laboratoire MHA) et co-encadré par Bernard Cache (EPFL, laboratoire CNPA)

Résumé :

La stéréotomie est l’art de la coupe et de l’assemblage des pierres pour former des voûtes, des trompes ou des escaliers. Notre recherche traite de cette discipline en deux volets. Le premier volet s’inscrit dans le champ de l’histoire de la construction et porte sur l’escalier en fer-à-cheval du château de Fontainebleau. Cet ouvrage remarquable a été construit en 1634, alors que paraissaient les premiers traités consacrés à la discipline. Il constitue un témoin privilégié des méthodes traditionnelles de la stéréotomie. Une étude géométrique de son voûtement est effectuée, à partir de relevés 3D, de l’examen de traités historiques, de modélisations paramétriques et d’une expérimentation de taille de la pierre. Cette étude vise à retracer les étapes allant de la conception à la fabrication du voûtement, autrement dit de son tracé sur une épure aux étapes de taille des voussoirs. Le second volet de la thèse s’inscrit dans le champ de l’instrumentation numérique. A partir de la modélisation de l’escalier de Fontainebleau, une série d’expérimentations numériques est développée. L’objectif est de définir des méthodes adaptées à une pratique contemporaine de la stéréotomie, répondant à un double enjeu : d’une part, la restauration du patrimoine bâti, d’autre part, la réintroduction de la pierre de taille dans l’architecture contemporaine, en vertu de sa durabilité. L’approche relie conception et fabrication en transposant des procédés BIM et CFAO aux savoir-faire particuliers de la taille de la pierre et aux contraintes du matériau, dont le calepinage articule extraction, dessin et mise en oeuvre.

Abstract :

Stereotomy is the art of cutting and assembling stones to form vaults, trumpets or staircases. Our research addresses this discipline in two parts. The first part falls within the field of construction history and focuses on the horseshoe staircase at the Château de Fontainebleau. This remarkable structure was built in 1634, when the first treatises on the discipline appeared. It is a prime example of traditional stereotomy methods. A geometric study of its vaulting is carried out, based on 3D surveys, the examination of historical treatises, parametric modelling and stone cutting experiments. This study aims to retrace the stages from the design to the construction of the vaulting, in other words from its outline on a sketch to the stages of cutting the voussoirs. The second part of the thesis falls within the field of digital instrumentation. Based on the modelling of the Fontainebleau staircase, a series of digital experiments has been developed. The objective is to define methods adapted to contemporary stereotomy practices, responding to a twofold challenge: on the one hand, the restoration of built heritage, and on the other, the reintroduction of cut stone into contemporary architecture, given its durability. The aim is to define methods suited to contemporary stereotomy practices, addressing two challenges: on the one hand, the restoration of built heritage, and on the other, the reintroduction of cut stone into contemporary architecture, given its durability. The approach links design and manufacturing by transposing BIM and CAD/CAM processes to the specific skills of stone cutting and the constraints of the material, whose layout combines extraction, design and implementation.

Mots-clés :

BIM, CFAO, Scan 3D, Photogrammétrie, Pierre de taille, Géométrie

Etat d’avancement :

Financements :

Autofinancement

Partenariat :

Co-encadrement de Bernard Cache, Professeur EPFL, Directeur du laboratoire Cultures Numériques du Projet d’architecture.

Publications :

2495564 vouilloz 1 apa 50 date desc itemtype 6623 https://mha.grenoble.archi.fr/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/

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Vouilloz, R., & Marin, P. (2025, June 12). Transfert de procédés industriels BIM & CFAO et interopérabilité ouverte pour la stéréotomie: applications à l’escalier de Fontainebleau. Journées Nationales de La Maçonnerie. https://hal.science/hal-05322567

Vouilloz, R. (2025, May 20). La mise en œuvre de la stéréotomie, de la tradition à l’invention: étude de l’escalier en fer-à-cheval du Château de Fontainebleau [Rencontre doctorale]. Rencontre doctorale UNIL: Le choix des matériaux dans la construction: approches et études actuelles, Lausanne.

Vouilloz, R., & Marin, P. (2024, 28 juin). Conception-fabrication d’une stéréotomie contemporaine : quels sont les impacts des procédés numériques sur l’architecture en pierre de taille ? [Colloque 36e congrès du Comité International d’Histoire de l’Art (CIHA)]. Matière Matérialités. Matérialités de l’architecture face aux mutations historiques, Lyon.

Vouilloz, R., & Marin, P. (2024). Impacts des procédés numériques sur l’architecture en pierre de taille contemporaine. Synthèse d’entretiens. 36ème Congrès du Comité International de l’Histoire de l’Art, Lyon.

Vouilloz, R., & Marin, P. (2024). Modélisation BIM d’une famille variable de voussoir et de ses étapes de taille pour la vis Saint-Gilles. SHS Web of Conferences, 198, 03002. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202419803002

Vouilloz, R. (2023). Étude des procédés de conception et de fabrication d’un ouvrage de stéréotomie à l’aide des outils numériques. Journée de la Recherche de l’ENSAG: Recherches en architecture: des méthodes en pratique(s), Grenoble.

Méthodes et Histoire de l’Architecture